Development of HPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of metabolites of organophosphate pesticides,synthetic pyrethroids,herbicides and DEET in human urine

We developed an isotopic dilution high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/tandem mass spectrometer (MS/MS) method to rapidly and accurately quantify nine metabolites of several classes of pesticide in 1 mL human urine specimens. The analytes covered in the method are two organophosphate (OP) pesticide metabolites: 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy), 2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol (IMPY); three synthetic pyrethroid metabolites: 3-phenoxy benzoic acid (3-PBA), 4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid (4-F-3-PBA) and trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1(1-cyclopropane) carboxylic acid (t-DCCA); three herbicide metabolites: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (DCPAA), 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (TCPAA) and atrazine mercapturate; and one insect repellent: N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET). The analytes are first deconjugated by incubating with acetate/β-glucuronidase buffer at 37°C for 17 h. The deconjugated analytes are extracted and concentrated from the urine matrix using solid-phase extraction cartridges, separated through C18 reversed phase HPLC, and analysed on MS/MS. The MS/MS was operated in positive and negative electrospray ionisation switch mode. Two ions from each analyte and one from each labelled internal standard are monitored for quantification and confirmation. The limit of detections (LODs) for all the analytes are in the low parts-per-trillion (0.05 ng/mL) except TCPy where it was 0.5 ng/mL) with a wide linear range (0.05 up to 40 ng/mL) and provides high accuracy (recoveries: 90–118%) and high precision (coefficient of variation <15%). The method accuracy was also verified by the analysis of proficiency testing urine samples. We analysed 101 urine samples for a recent California study cohort, and detection frequencies ranged from ~100% to 0%: 3-PBA (98%), IMPY (91%), TCPy, (89%), DCPAA (66%), 4-F-3-PBA (11%), TCPAA (0%).     

气相色谱法测定及预测有机磷阻燃剂的蒸气压

以p,p′-二氯二苯三氯乙烷(p,p′-DDT)为参考化合物,采用气相色谱法(GC)测定了14种有机磷阻燃剂(OPFRs)在不同温度(T)条件下的蒸气压(P_(GC))及其蒸发热。根据获得的蒸气压值,发现14种OPFRs的log P_(GC)随着温度的增加而减小。初步探讨了分子结构与log P_(GC)的相关性,结果发现卤代烷基磷酸酯的log P_(GC)低于烷基和芳基磷酸酯,且随着分子摩尔体积的增大,相应的log P_(GC)呈下降趋势。采用逐步回归的方法,建立了OPFRs的相对保留时间(RRT)与log P_(GC)之间的定量构效关系(QSPR)模型,模型的累计交叉有效判别系数Q2cum为0.946。模型对OPFRs的log P_(GC)预测值与实验值有良好的相关性(r=0.980),结果表明所建模型具有良好的稳健性和预测能力。利用建立的方法,通过测定的保留时间参数以及定量构效关系模型,可有效预测目前没有标准品的OPFRs的log P_(GC)值。     

A rapid method for the determination of brominated flame retardant concentrations in plastics and textiles entering the waste stream

Due to new European legislation, products going to waste are subject to ‘low persistent organic pollutant concentration limits’. Concentrations of restricted brominated flame retardants in waste products must be determined. A rapid extraction and clean‐up method was developed for determination of brominated flame retardants in various plastics and textiles. The optimised method used vortexing and ultrasonication in dichloromethane followed by sulfuric acid clean‐up to determine target compounds. Poly‐brominated diphenyl ethers were determined by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry and hexabromocyclododecane by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Good recoveries of target analytes were obtained after three extraction cycles. The method was validated using poly‐propylene and poly‐ethylene certified reference materials as well as previously characterised textiles, expanded and extruded poly‐styrene samples. Measured concentrations of target compounds showed good agreement with the certified values indicating good accuracy and precision. Clean extracts provided low noise levels resulting in low limits of quantification (0.8–1.5 ng/g for poly‐brominated diphenyl ethers and 0.3 ng/g for α‐, β‐ and γ‐hexabromocyclododecane). The developed method was applied successfully to real consumer products entering the waste stream and it provided various advantages over traditional methods, including reduced analysis time, solvent consumption, minimal sample contamination and high sample throughput, which is crucial to comply with the implemented legislation.     

Quantitation of ortho‐cresyl phosphate adducts to butyrylcholinesterase in human serum by immunomagnetic‐UHPLC‐MS/MS

Tri‐ortho‐cresyl phosphate (ToCP) is an anti‐wear, flame retardant additive used in industrial lubricants, hydraulic fluids and gasoline. The neurotoxic effects of ToCP arise from the liver‐activated metabolite 2‐(o‐cresyl)‐4H‐1,3,2‐benzodioxaphosphoran‐2‐one (cresyl saligenin phosphate or CBDP), which inhibits esterase enzymes including butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Following BChE adduction, CBDP undergoes hydrolysis to form the aged adduct ortho‐cresyl phosphoserine (oCP‐BChE), thus providing a biomarker of CBDP exposure. Previous studies have identified ToCP in aircraft cabin and cockpit air, but assessing human exposure has been hampered by the lack of a laboratory assay to confirm exposure. This work presents the development of an immunomagnetic‐UHPLC‐MS/MS method for the quantitation of unadducted BChE and the long‐term CBDP biomarker, oCP‐BChE, in human serum. The method has a reportable range from 2.0 ng/ml to 150 ng/ml, which is consistent with the sensitivity of methods used to detect organophosphorus nerve agent protein adducts. The assay demonstrated high intraday and interday accuracy (≥85%) and precision (RSD ≤ 15%) across the calibration range. The method was developed for future analyses of potential human exposure to CBDP. Analysis of human serum inhibited in vitro with CBDP demonstrated that the oCP‐BChE adduct was stable for at least 72 h at 4, 22 and 37 °C. Compared to a previously reported assay, this method requires 75% less sample volume, reduces analysis time by a factor of 20 and demonstrates a threefold improvement in sensitivity. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.     

纤维级Mg(OH)_2超细粉的应用

天然水镁石经特殊加工制成纤维级Mg(OH) 2 超细粉 ,采用X射线衍射和扫描电子显微分析技术对其结构进行认定和分析 ,研究了它与LDPE、PVC及橡胶等复合后的阻燃作用和相容性 ,同时对共混材料的其他性能进行了分析     

The influence of aluminum on the thermal decomposition of hexabromocyclododecane

The influence of aluminum on the thermal stability of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) was investigated. HBCD pyrolysis was carried out using thermogravimetric analyzers and a laboratory scale reactor. The identification of decomposition products was based on FTIR and gas-chromatographic/mass-spectrometric techniques. The results obtained confirmed that the presence of aluminum caused a lower thermal stability of HBCD. However, the presence of aluminum also resulted in a significant increase of the char yield and caused the shift towards an exothermic decomposition process. The analysis of the decomposition products showed that the presence of aluminum triggers polycondensation reactions during HBCD thermal degradation.     

A review on flammability of epoxy polymer,cellulosic and non‐cellulosic fiber reinforced epoxy composites

Natural fiber is well‐known reinforcement filler in polymer‐matrix composites. Composite components like organic polymers and natural fibers are natural fire conductors as the natural fiber consists of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, and hence are as highly flammable as wood. Natural fiber reinforced composite materials are progressively being used in a variety of applications where their fire response is a hazardous consideration, for example, in the automotive (transportation) and building‐construction industries. As a result, an awareness of their performance or response during a fire and the use of conventional fire retardants are of great importance, as they are subject to thermal decomposition when exposed to intensive high heat or fire sources. In this review paper, fire flammability is the main concern for cellulosic and non‐cellulosic fiber‐reinforced polymer composites, especially epoxy composites. This paper reviews the literature on the recent developments in flammability studies concerning polymers, epoxy polymers, cellulosic‐fibers, and non‐cellulosic fiber‐reinforced epoxy bio‐composites. The prime objective of this review is to expand the reach of “fire retardants for polymer materials and composites” to the science community, including physicists, chemists, and engineers in order to broaden the range of their applications. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定地表水样品中5种有机磷酸酯代谢物

将固相萃取(SPE)和高效液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)结合,建立了河水样品中5种有机磷酸酯(OPEs)代谢物的分析方法。样品过滤后,使用HLB固相萃取小柱进行富集净化,采用6 m L甲醇洗脱后氮吹定容。以Luna Phenyl-Hexyl色谱柱为分离柱,甲醇和50 mmol·L-1乙酸铵水溶液为流动相梯度洗脱,在电喷雾负离子模式下,采用多反应监测模式(MRM)进行测定。优化条件下,仪器测定限(IDL)为0.002~1.15μg·L~(-1),方法检出限(MDL)为0.15~4.48 ng·L~(-1),实际水样加标浓度为10 ng·L~(-1)和50 ng·L~(-1)时回收率分别为54.1%~83.6%和57.8%~102%,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为5.3%~19.5%和2.8%~15.7%。考察了基质效应对5种化合物分析的影响,同时应用该方法对武汉7个湖水样品进行分析,除DEHP外其它4种OPEs代谢物均有检出。该方法具有良好的精密度和准确度,可用于有机磷酸酯代谢物的环境行为研究。     

超声提取/固相萃取测定固体介质中合成麝香及有机磷酸酯阻燃剂/增塑剂

基于超声提取与固相萃取技术,建立了沉积物和污泥中合成麝香与有机磷酸酯增塑剂/阻燃剂联合前处理方法,并采用气相色谱-质谱对目标化合物进行定性定量分析。考察了不同溶剂对目标化合物萃取效率的影响,确定以丙酮与乙腈-水(1∶3)的组合作为超声萃取溶剂。研究了基质效应和老化效应对目标化合物回收率的影响。结果表明,不同加标浓度下,4种常见合成麝香和9种常用有机磷酸酯的回收率为(27%±12%)~(117%±9%)。     

Molecular Firefighting—How Modern Phosphorus Chemistry Can Help Solve the Challenge of Flame Retardancy

The ubiquity of polymeric materials in daily life comes with an increased fire risk, and sustained research into efficient flame retardants is key to ensuring the safety of the populace and material goods from accidental fires. Phosphorus, a versatile and effective element for use in flame retardants, has the potential to supersede the halogenated variants that are still widely used today: current formulations employ a variety of modes of action and methods of implementation, as additives or as reactants, to solve the task of developing flame‐retarding polymeric materials. Phosphorus‐based flame retardants can act in both the gas and condensed phase during a fire. This Review investigates how current phosphorus chemistry helps in reducing the flammability of polymers, and addresses the future of sustainable, efficient, and safe phosphorus‐based flame‐retardants from renewable sources.